What information does a weather forecast generally contain?
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Collecting data
The most traditional data is collected on the ground or at sea by professionals, amateurs, automatic weather stations or buoys Air pre ssure, temperature, wind speed, wind direction, humidity and other data. The World Meteorological Organization coordinates the timing of these data collections and sets standards. These measurements are made every hour (METAR) or every six hours (SYNOP).
Using weather balloons, meteorologists can also collect the temperature, humidity, and wind values in the sky. Weather balloons can rise all the way up to the tropopause.
Data from weather satellites are becoming more and more important. Weather satellites collect data from around the world. Their visible-light photos help meteorologists examine cloud development. Their infrared data can be used to collect ground and cloud top temperatures. Wind speed and direction at the edge of the cloud can be collected by monitoring cloud development. However, because the accuracy and resolution of weather satellites are not good enough, ground data is still very important.
Weather radar can provide information on pre cipitation areas and intensity. Doppler radar can also determine wind speed and direction.
Data Assimilation
In the process of data assimilation, the data collected are combined with the numerical model used for forecasting to produce meteorological analysis. The result is the best estimate of the current state of the atmosphere, a three-dimensional repre sentation of temperature, humidity, air pre ssure and wind speed and direction.
Digital Weather Forecasting
Digital weather forecasting uses computers to simulate the atmosphere. It uses the results of data assimilation as its starting point to calculate changes in the atmosphere over time according to today's results from physics and fluid dynamics. Because the equations of fluid dynamics are so complex, digital weather forecasting is only possible using supercomputers. The output calculated by this model is the basis for weather forecasts.
Output processing
The original output of model calculation generally needs to be processed before it can become a weather forecast. These processes include using statistical principles to eliminate known biases in the model, or making adjustments based on calculation results from other models.
In the past, meteorologists had to do the processing themselves. Today, weather forecasts for more than 24 hours mainly rely on the use of multiple different models and the synthesis of their results. Meteorologists must also analyze the forecast model data to make it understandable to end users. In addition, the resolution of weather forecast models is generally not particularly high. Local meteorologists must also use local experience to make local weather forecasts more accurate when it comes to regional influences. However, as weather forecast models continue to become more sophisticated, this workload is getting smaller and smaller.
Display
For end users, the display of weather forecast is the most important in the entire process. This task can only be accomplished by knowing what information the end user needs and how to communicate this information to the end user in an understandable way.
1. Rain, rain, and snow in a region or city in the future.
2. The highest and lowest temperatures in a region or city in the future.
3. The wind direction and force of a region or city in the future.
4. Special disastrous weather in a region or city in the future.
The satellite cloud images of my country's Central Meteorological Observatory are taken from meteorological satellites such as "Fengyun-1". Using satellite cloud images and photos for analysis can improve the accuracy of weather forecasts.
Weather forecasts are usually divided into three types in terms of duration: short-term weather forecast (2 to 3 days), medium-term weather forecast (4 to 9 days), and long-term weather forecast (10 to 15 days or more). CCTV broadcasts mainly short-term weather forecasts every day.
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